A new plume rise scheme based on heat transport by particles was presented: the entrainment is simulated by the mixing of two fluids (air and plume particles) with different temperatures and the resulting temperature is given by Richmann's law. The new algorithm is compared with the one that is currently included in SPRAY-WEB by Alessandrini et al. (2013). The new scheme seems to behave better when the ambient wind speeds are higher, but the asymptotic behavior is correct even with lower speeds.
We consider possible influence on severe weather occurrence by aurorally excited atmospheric gravity waves generated by solar wind coupling to the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system. The results indicate that these gravity waves contribute to the release of instabilities in frontal zones of extratropical cyclones leading to convection and heavy precipitation. It is observed that severe snowstorms and flash floods tend to occur following arrivals of solar wind high-speed streams.
