Wind and storms are a major natural hazard and can cause severe economic damage and cost human lives. Hence, it is important to gauge the potential impact of using indices, which potentially enable us to estimate likely impacts of storms or other wind events. Here, we review basic aspects of wind and storm generation and provide an extensive overview of wind impacts and available indices. This is also important to better prepare for future climate change and corresponding changes to winds.

There is a crucial need for adequate data of concentration and wind to close the potential gap in mass balance of CO₂. Ground-based line-integrating remote sensing techniques are an ideal tool as they provide the spatially representative CO₂ concentration together with wind components within the same voxel structure. An integrated method combination of acoustic and optical systems was applied to measure spatially representative CO₂ advection at the grassland Grillenburg site.